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JavaScript HTTP 请求方案总结

1. React 中的 HTTP 请求封装​

TypeScript 版本​

// types.ts
export interface RequestConfig extends RequestInit {
  timeout?: number;
}

export interface Response<T = any> {
  data: T;
  status: number;
  statusText: string;
  headers: Headers;
}

export interface HttpClient {
  get<T>(url: string, config?: RequestConfig): Promise<T>;
  post<T>(url: string, data?: any, config?: RequestConfig): Promise<T>;
  put<T>(url: string, data?: any, config?: RequestConfig): Promise<T>;
  delete<T>(url: string, config?: RequestConfig): Promise<T>;
}

// httpClient.ts
import { RequestConfig, Response, HttpClient } from './types';

class HttpService implements HttpClient {
  private baseURL: string;
  private defaultConfig: RequestConfig;

  constructor(baseURL: string = '', defaultConfig: RequestConfig = {}) {
    this.baseURL = baseURL;
    this.defaultConfig = {
      headers: {
        'Content-Type': 'application/json',
      },
      ...defaultConfig,
    };
  }

  private async request<T>(url: string, config: RequestConfig): Promise<T> {
    const fullURL = `${this.baseURL}${url}`;
    const mergedConfig = {
      ...this.defaultConfig,
      ...config,
      headers: {
        ...this.defaultConfig.headers,
        ...config.headers,
      },
    };

    try {
      const response = await fetch(fullURL, mergedConfig);
      if (!response.ok) {
        throw new Error(`HTTP error! status: ${response.status}`);
      }
      const data = await response.json();
      return data as T;
    } catch (error) {
      console.error('Request failed:', error);
      throw error;
    }
  }

  public async get<T>(url: string, config: RequestConfig = {}): Promise<T> {
    return this.request<T>(url, { ...config, method: 'GET' });
  }

  public async post<T>(url: string, data?: any, config: RequestConfig = {}): Promise<T> {
    return this.request<T>(url, {
      ...config,
      method: 'POST',
      body: JSON.stringify(data),
    });
  }

  public async put<T>(url: string, data?: any, config: RequestConfig = {}): Promise<T> {
    return this.request<T>(url, {
      ...config,
      method: 'PUT',
      body: JSON.stringify(data),
    });
  }

  public async delete<T>(url: string, config: RequestConfig = {}): Promise<T> {
    return this.request<T>(url, { ...config, method: 'DELETE' });
  }
}

// React Hook
import { useState, useEffect } from 'react';

interface UseHttpResult<T> {
  data: T | null;
  loading: boolean;
  error: Error | null;
  refetch: () => void;
}

export function useHttp<T>(url: string, options: RequestConfig = {}): UseHttpResult<T> {
  const [data, setData] = useState<T | null>(null);
  const [loading, setLoading] = useState<boolean>(true);
  const [error, setError] = useState<Error | null>(null);

  const httpClient = new HttpService();

  const fetchData = async () => {
    try {
      setLoading(true);
      const result = await httpClient.get<T>(url, options);
      setData(result);
      setError(null);
    } catch (err) {
      setError(err as Error);
    } finally {
      setLoading(false);
    }
  };

  useEffect(() => {
    fetchData();
  }, [url]);

  return { data, loading, error, refetch: fetchData };
}

// 使用示例
interface User {
  id: number;
  name: string;
  email: string;
}

function UserComponent() {
  const { data, loading, error } = useHttp<User>('/api/user/1');

  if (loading) return <div>Loading...</div>;
  if (error) return <div>Error: {error.message}</div>;
  if (!data) return null;

  return (
    <div>
      <h1>{data.name}</h1>
      <p>{data.email}</p>
    </div>
  );
}

JavaScript 版本​

// httpClient.js
class HttpService {
  constructor(baseURL = '', defaultConfig = {}) {
    this.baseURL = baseURL;
    this.defaultConfig = {
      headers: {
        'Content-Type': 'application/json',
      },
      ...defaultConfig,
    };
  }

  async request(url, config) {
    const fullURL = `${this.baseURL}${url}`;
    const mergedConfig = {
      ...this.defaultConfig,
      ...config,
      headers: {
        ...this.defaultConfig.headers,
        ...config.headers,
      },
    };

    try {
      const response = await fetch(fullURL, mergedConfig);
      if (!response.ok) {
        throw new Error(`HTTP error! status: ${response.status}`);
      }
      return await response.json();
    } catch (error) {
      console.error('Request failed:', error);
      throw error;
    }
  }

  get(url, config = {}) {
    return this.request(url, { ...config, method: 'GET' });
  }

  post(url, data, config = {}) {
    return this.request(url, {
      ...config,
      method: 'POST',
      body: JSON.stringify(data),
    });
  }

  put(url, data, config = {}) {
    return this.request(url, {
      ...config,
      method: 'PUT',
      body: JSON.stringify(data),
    });
  }

  delete(url, config = {}) {
    return this.request(url, { ...config, method: 'DELETE' });
  }
}

// React Hook
import { useState, useEffect } from 'react';

export function useHttp(url, options = {}) {
  const [data, setData] = useState(null);
  const [loading, setLoading] = useState(true);
  const [error, setError] = useState(null);

  const httpClient = new HttpService();

  const fetchData = async () => {
    try {
      setLoading(true);
      const result = await httpClient.get(url, options);
      setData(result);
      setError(null);
    } catch (err) {
      setError(err);
    } finally {
      setLoading(false);
    }
  };

  useEffect(() => {
    fetchData();
  }, [url]);

  return { data, loading, error, refetch: fetchData };
}

// 使用示例
function UserComponent() {
  const { data, loading, error } = useHttp('/api/user/1');

  if (loading) return <div>Loading...</div>;
  if (error) return <div>Error: {error.message}</div>;
  if (!data) return null;

  return (
    <div>
      <h1>{data.name}</h1>
      <p>{data.email}</p>
    </div>
  );
}

2. HTTP 请求库对比​

特性Fetch APIAxiosXMLHttpRequest
浏览器支持现代浏览器全部全部
请求取消支持 (AbortController)支持 (CancelToken)支持
请求超时需要自行实现内置支持需要自行实现
自动转换JSON需要手动处理自动支持需要手动处理
拦截器需要自行实现内置支持需要自行实现
TypeScript支持原生支持完善支持原生支持
文件上传进度不支持支持支持
包大小0 (原生)~12KB min+gzip0 (原生)
学习曲线简单中等较陡
Node.js支持需要 polyfill原生支持不支持

3. 最佳实践建议​

  1. 选择建议：

    • 简单项目：使用 Fetch API
    • 大型项目：使用 Axios（功能更完善，生态更好）
    • React项目：结合 React Query 或 SWR 使用

  2. 封装建议：

    • 统一处理错误响应
    • 添加请求/响应拦截器
    • 实现请求超时设置
    • 统一处理 loading 状态
    • 实现请求重试机制
    • 添加请求缓存机制

  3. React 项目特定建议：

    • 使用自定义 Hook 封装请求逻辑
    • 考虑使用 React Query 或 SWR 进行数据请求管理
    • 实现请求状态管理（loading、error、data）
    • 添加请求防抖/节流
    • 实现请求缓存和数据预加载

  4. 安全建议：

    • 添加 CSRF Token
    • 使用 HTTPS
    • 实现请求签名
    • 敏感数据加密
    • 添加请求超时限制